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These are important points to remember when you look at Urinalysis:

Urine volume less than 100 cc in 24 hours ——- Anuria caused by obstruction or severe kidney damage with
Urine volume less than 400 cc in 24 hours ——- oliguria caused by acute renal failure
Urine volume over 2000 cc in 24 hours ——- Polyuria caused by diabetes, diabetes insipidus, alcohol

Glucose in urine ——- The serum glucose should be at least 180 for it to show up in urine

If urinalysis shows positive for protein, order 24 urine for protein:
Protein more than 1 gram in 24 hours ——- Kidney disease
Protein more than 2 gram in 24 hours ——- Glomerular disease
Protein more than 3.5 gram in 24 hours ——- Nephrotic syndrome

Leuckocyte estrase is an enzyme released by white cells in urine and may indicate infection if elevated:
Positive Leuckocyte esterase ——- Urinary tract infection
False positive Leuckocyte esterase ——- Trichomonas infection, contamination, vaginal discharge
False negative Leuckocyte esterase ——- Antibiotics, vitamin C

Nitrites are produced when a bacteria in urine, usually a gram negative organism such as E-coli, converts urinary nitrates to nitrites and may indicate infection if elevated:
Positive Nitrites ——- Urinary tract infection
False positive Nitrites ——- Contamination, food containing nitrites or nitrates
False negative Nitrites ——- Antibiotics, vitamin C

– White Blood Cell Cast ——- Kidney infection, interstitial nephritis, glomerulonephritis
– Red Blood Cell Cast ——- Bleeding from kidney
– Hyalin Cast ——- Dehydration without kidney disease
– Renal tubular epithelial Cell Cast ——- Tubular necrosis, viral nephritis, glomerulonephritis
– Waxy Cast ——- Chronic kidney disease
– Fatty Cast ——- Nephrotic Syndrome, severe diabetes