Category: Infectious Diseases
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Back Pain
Back pains are very common. It is one of the top 10 reason to see a doctor. Back pains can be mechanical such as herniated disc or can be inflammatory such as in Spondyloarthritis. Mechanical back pain improves with rest but becomes worse with activity. Inflammatory back pain becomes worse with rest and improves with…
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Urinalysis
These are important points to remember when you look at Urinalysis: Urine volume less than 100 cc in 24 hours ——- Anuria caused by obstruction or severe kidney damage with Urine volume less than 400 cc in 24 hours ——- oliguria caused by acute renal failure Urine volume over 2000 cc in 24 hours ——-…
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Complements
Complements are group of proteins that are involved in inflammation. The activation of the complements occur in the following settings: Systemic Lupus Glomerulonephritis Complement deficiencies Complement levels of C3, C4, and CH50 usually can indicate complement activation. CH50 indicates activity of the overall complement system. There are nine major complement proteins but C3 and C4…
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XELJANZ (tofacitinib)
XELJANZ (tofacitinib) is the new rheumatoid arthritis drug on the market and it is made by Pfizer. – Xeljanz is a Janus Kinases inhibitor or JAKs and works by inhibiting one or more of the Janus Kinase enzymes. – These enzymes are named JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, TYK2. Xeljanz primarily inhibits JAK3 but also has effect…
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Lyme Disease
Points to consider when you are dealing with Lyme disease: 1. Prevention is very important including using insecticide (acaricides) in the endemic areas, using protective clothing, tick repellent, checking for ticks and taking a shower within two hours of being in the tick habitat. 2. It would take two weeks for Lyme IgM to become…
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Complete blood count with Differential (CBC with DIFF): Eosinophils
Eosinophils are not as common as the other white cells. Eosinophils are increased in: – Allergic conditions such as hay fever, rhinitis, eczema – Parasitic infections such as trichinosis, Ascariasis – Fungal infections as in aspergillosis – Autoimmune diseases such as vasculitis – Medications such as Aspirin – Lymphomas such as Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Leukemia, Mastocytosis…
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Complete blood count with Differential (CBC with DIFF): Monocytes
Monocytes are the third most common white cells (<10%). Monocytes are increased in: – Infections especially brucellosis, shingles, TB, bacterial endocarditis, Malaria – Medications such as steroids – Autoimmune diseases, sarcoidosis, – Neutropenia – Colitis – Leukemia, Lymphoma Monocytes are decreased in: – Hairy cell leukemia
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Complete blood count with Differential (CBC with DIFF): Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are the second most common white cells (20-40%) after neutrophils. They include: – T-cells – B-cells – Natural killer Cells Lymphocytes are increased in: – Infections especially viral infections – Medications – Autoimmune disease – Overactive thyroid – Colitis – Lymphatic leukemia Lymphocytes are decreased in: – Infections – Medications such as steroids or…
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