Category: Medicine
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Headaches
Headaches are classifieds as: A. Primary and these generally are considered benign and they include: 1. Migraine Headaches 2. Tension Headaches 3. Cluster Headaches B. Secondary and these include more serious headaches. These are headaches that occur in patients with: 1. New onset of headaches 2. Recent head injury 3. Immunocompromised status 4. Worsening of existing…
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Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Screening for Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm is recommended as it is the 13th most common cause of death in the United States. Screening is done by the use of ultrasound which is non-invasive. The most important issues based on U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations here are: 1. Patients between the ages of 65 to…
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Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes
1. Being overweight and over the age of 45 2. Elevated fasting blood sugar of 126 or higher 3. Positive glucose tolerance test or Gestational Diabetes 4. High blood pressure 5. Elevated cholesterol / Triglyceride 6. Family history of type 2 diabetes or Polycystic ovary syndrome 7. Ethnicity: African American, Asian, Hispanic, Native Americans
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Criteria for diagnosis of diabetes
1. Fasting blood sugar greater than 126. 2. Blood Sugar level of greater than 200 at anytime. 3. Blood Sugar level of 200 with Glucose tolerance test. 4. High HgbA1c level ?? Who to screen: 1. Age of 45 2. Pre-Hypertensive patients: 120-140/80-90 3. Over-weight patients with other risk factors such as high blood pressure,…
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Management of Hypertension
1. In those above age 60, Get the blood pressure below 150 sytolic and 90 diastolic. 2. In those below age 60, diabetics, and those with kidney disease, get the blood pressure below 140 sytolic and 90 diastolic. 3. In blacks including those with diabetes, Start with thiazide diuretic or calcium channel blocker (amlodipine). 4.…
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Complete blood count with Differential (CBC with DIFF): Eosinophils
Eosinophils are not as common as the other white cells. Eosinophils are increased in: – Allergic conditions such as hay fever, rhinitis, eczema – Parasitic infections such as trichinosis, Ascariasis – Fungal infections as in aspergillosis – Autoimmune diseases such as vasculitis – Medications such as Aspirin – Lymphomas such as Hodgkin’s Lymphoma, Leukemia, Mastocytosis…
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Complete blood count with Differential (CBC with DIFF): Monocytes
Monocytes are the third most common white cells (<10%). Monocytes are increased in: – Infections especially brucellosis, shingles, TB, bacterial endocarditis, Malaria – Medications such as steroids – Autoimmune diseases, sarcoidosis, – Neutropenia – Colitis – Leukemia, Lymphoma Monocytes are decreased in: – Hairy cell leukemia
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Complete blood count with Differential (CBC with DIFF): Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes are the second most common white cells (20-40%) after neutrophils. They include: – T-cells – B-cells – Natural killer Cells Lymphocytes are increased in: – Infections especially viral infections – Medications – Autoimmune disease – Overactive thyroid – Colitis – Lymphatic leukemia Lymphocytes are decreased in: – Infections – Medications such as steroids or…
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Complete blood count with Differential (CBC with DIFF): Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the most common of the white cells (60-70%). Neutrophils in circulation are mostly mature cells and are involved primarily in fighting infections. Immature Neutrophils, also called bands, appear with severe infections when there is recruitment of neutrophils mature and immature cells in a massive scale. When there are more than 10% immature neutrophils…
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