Category: Nephrology
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Hypertension
1. In those above age 60, Get the blood pressure below 150 sytolic and 90 diastolic. 2. In those below age 60, diabetics, and those with kidney disease, get the blood pressure below 140 sytolic and 90 diastolic. 3. In blacks including those with diabetes, Start with thiazide diuretic or calcium channel blocker (amlodipine). 4.…
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Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
There are several important points to remember about NSAIDs. 1. They are to be taken with food and NEVER ON EMPTY STOMACH. 2. They are to be taken ONLY AS NEEDED and not on a daily basis for majority of patients unless it is directed by a physician. 3. Theses drugs need to be monitored with…
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SSB or Anti-La
When ANA is positive, SSB and SSA along with other antibodies are ordered to determine the underlying disease. SSB or Anti-La is a Ribonucleoprotein that is seen in the following conditions: Sjogren’s Syndrome Systemic Lupus Neonatal Lupus SSB Antibodies are rare in other connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. SSB presence is associated with: Primary…
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SSA or Anti-Ro
When ANA is positive, SSA along with other antibodies are ordered to determine the underlying disease. SSA or Anti-Ro are antinuclear antibodies that are seen in the following conditions: Sjogren’s Syndrome Systemic Lupus Subacute Cutaneous Lupus Photosensitive Dermatitis SSA Antibodies are rare in other connective tissue diseases and rheumatoid arthritis. SSA presence is associated with:…
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Urinalysis
These are important points to remember when you look at Urinalysis: Urine volume less than 100 cc in 24 hours ——- Anuria caused by obstruction or severe kidney damage with Urine volume less than 400 cc in 24 hours ——- oliguria caused by acute renal failure Urine volume over 2000 cc in 24 hours ——-…
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Anti-Smith (anti-Sm)
Important points about Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) antibodies are: – This test along with anti-RNP are used to determine the cause of the positive ANA. – ANA is non-specific and can be seen in Lupus as well as other rheumatic diseases. Anti- Smith antibodies on the other hand are very specific for Lupus. – Anti -Smith antibodies…
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Complements
Complements are group of proteins that are involved in inflammation. The activation of the complements occur in the following settings: Systemic Lupus Glomerulonephritis Complement deficiencies Complement levels of C3, C4, and CH50 usually can indicate complement activation. CH50 indicates activity of the overall complement system. There are nine major complement proteins but C3 and C4…
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Risk factors for Type 2 diabetes
1. Being overweight and over the age of 45 2. Elevated fasting blood sugar of 126 or higher 3. Positive glucose tolerance test or Gestational Diabetes 4. High blood pressure 5. Elevated cholesterol / Triglyceride 6. Family history of type 2 diabetes or Polycystic ovary syndrome 7. Ethnicity: African American, Asian, Hispanic, Native Americans
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Criteria for diagnosis of diabetes
1. Fasting blood sugar greater than 126. 2. Blood Sugar level of greater than 200 at anytime. 3. Blood Sugar level of 200 with Glucose tolerance test. 4. High HgbA1c level ?? Who to screen: 1. Age of 45 2. Pre-Hypertensive patients: 120-140/80-90 3. Over-weight patients with other risk factors such as high blood pressure,…
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